An Examination of the Unity, Distinction, and Interaction of Religion and Ethics from the Perspective of Ṣadr al-Muta’allihīn

Abstract

The relationship between religion and ethics is one of the oldest issues in the philosophy of ethics, tracing back to Socrates and Plato’s Euthyphro. In recent centuries, this issue has gained renewed attention, as contemporary religious philosophers, observing a lack of spirituality in Western society, have turned back to religion and theological concerns, reviving Renaissance ideals. Interestingly, both religious and atheistic philosophers (such as Marx, Nietzsche, and Freud) have developed theories on this matter. In terms of the importance and precedence of religion and ethics, it can be noted that both concepts date back to the emergence of humanity, although religion in the sense of religious law began with Noah. The discussions presented here aim to impartially address various viewpoints without favoring any particular stance. This study uses a descriptive-analytical method to examine Mullā Ṣadrā’s perspective on religion and ethics, exploring the relationship between these concepts from the standpoint of Ṣadr al-Muta’allihīn. According to the findings, Ṣadrā’s transcendent philosophy, with its unique approach, connects humanity existentially to God, directing individuals toward their ultimate purpose. He identifies the perfection of the human soul and the attainment of happiness as the ultimate goal of human existence. Through this lens, humans have the potential to ascend to the level of angels, provided they embark on the path of perfection and adhere to the divine teachings conveyed by the prophets.